What Is Normal Distribution

A normal distribution of data is one in which the majority of data points are relatively similar, meaning they occur within a small range of values with fewer outliers on the high and low ends of the data range. When data are normally distributed, plotting them on a graph results a bell-shaped and symmetrical image often called the bell curve. In such a distribution of data, mean, median, and mode are all the same value and coincide with the peak of the curve. However, in social science, a normal distribution is more of a theoretical ideal than a common reality. The concept and application of it as a lens through which to examine data is through a useful tool for identifying and visualizing norms and trends within a data set. Properties of the Normal Distribution One of the most noticeable characteristics of a normal distribution is its shape and perfect symmetry. If you fold a picture of a normal distribution exactly in the middle, youll come up with two equal halves, each a mirror image of the other. This also means that half of the observations in the data falls on either side of the middle of the distribution. The midpoint of a normal distribution is the point that has the maximum frequency, meaning the number or response category with the most observations for that variable. The midpoint of the normal distribution is also the point at which three measures fall: the mean, median, and mode.  In a perfectly normal distribution, these three measures are all the same number. In all normal or nearly normal distributions, there is a constant proportion of the area under the curve lying between the mean and any given distance from the mean when measured in standard deviation units. For instance, in all normal curves, 99.73 percent of all cases fall within three standard deviations from the mean, 95.45 percent of all cases fall within two standard deviations from the mean, and 68.27 percent of cases fall within one standard deviation from the mean. Normal distributions are often represented in standard scores or  Z scores, which are numbers that tell us the distance between an actual score and the mean in terms of standard deviations. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0.0 and a standard deviation of 1.0. Examples and Use in Social Science Even though a normal distribution is theoretical, there are several variables researchers study that closely resemble a normal curve. For example, standardized test scores such as the SAT, ACT, and GRE typically resemble a normal distribution. Height, athletic ability, and numerous social and political attitudes of a given population also typically resemble a bell curve. The ideal of a normal distribution is also useful as a point of comparison when data are not normally distributed. For example, most people assume that the distribution of household income in the U.S. would be a normal distribution and resemble the bell curve when plotted on a graph. This would mean that most U.S. citizens earn in the mid-range of income, or in other words, that there is a healthy middle class. Meanwhile, the numbers of those in the lower economic classes would be small, as would the numbers in the upper classes. However, the real distribution of household income in the U.S. does not resemble a bell curve at all. The majority of households fall into the low to the lower-middle range, meaning there are more poor people struggling to survive than there are folks living comfortable middle-class lives. In this case, the ideal of a normal distribution is useful for illustrating income inequality.​

The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Throughout the course of history, gender roles have seen a drastic reform and reversal. The late 19th century and early 20th century have represented a time period where American women were restricted to common household jobs, and prevented from being part of much social or economical progress. Women were expected to maintain an image of moral standard and were frequently cast in an insignificant role in society, ironically, due to the worries men had with the higher population of women (Women in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. 1). As a strong advocate for women s rights, Charlotte Perkins Gilman played a significant role as she fought against the common, marginalized label that had been put on women during the time period. In her short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, Perkins utilizes recurring, vivid imagery to highlight the theme of the unjust isolation of women. With the use of a distant house, a secluded garden, a shut window, and a useless wallpaper, Perkins conveys the message t hat the 20th century was plagued with the oppression of men by the social segregation of women in the United States. The century marked an era of deterioration of not only the emotional well being of women, but also caused detrimental mental issues as well. The narrator constantly illustrates her isolation from the rest of the world by utilizing visuals of common gardening areas. Secluded in her summer home with no one except her husband John, †It is quite alone, standing well back from theShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happened in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist e ncouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping Th e Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman At what point does an individual come to the realization that they are trapped within an internal perpetual prison? Many women during the 19th century suffered from countless diseases and disorders that went untreated and society had deemed their voice powerless and useless. According to the University of Toledo Libraries â€Å"Women were especially vulnerable to inadequate diagnoses and treatment in 19th century America.† It was commonly believed that most physical ailments of women were caused by their sexual organs or mental disorders, resulting in painful, sometimes lethal treatments.† Within the oeuvre of Charlotte Perkins Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† we examine the insouciant approach that society made towards the mental health of women, which ultimately led to the mental instability of countless females. In an era of male chauvinism in which women were to be seen and not heard, had no voice and were rendered uneducated, illiterate and that their sole purpose was to serve their spouses. The narrator in the short story is suffering from nervous depression that has been onset from her moving into a new environment. â€Å"Still I will proudly declare that there is something queer about it.† (Gilman 645) This rather queer environment is troubling our narrator due to this , she is led to believe that the estate is haunted. Rather than lend an ear to the perplexity of his consort he disregards her and merely chuckles at her inmost malaise. Gilman states â€Å"John laughs at me, of course,Show MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths withi n the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman13 62 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happened in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist e ncouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping Th e Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story, The Yellow Wallpaper represents an early utilisation of a mentally unstable unreliable narrator. Gilman’s narrator is, in fact, so unreliable that her name is the subject of critical discussion over a century after the story’s initial publication. Whilst the descent of Gilman’s narrator into madness has been the subject of various conflicting literary interpretations it is certain that Gilman’s own experiences of mental health problems and subsequent inadequate attempts at treatment provided the mainstay of her inspiration for the novel. In her autobiography Gilman stated that the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell [her doctor], and convince him of the error of his ways’. Gilman’s use of such a forwardly unreliable narrator was not ground-breaking, the technique has been utilised by authors from Chaucer to Sterne. Yet Gilman’s choice utilisation in order t o explore both her own condition and broader societal attitudes towards the management of the mentally-ill was unprecedented. Some seventy years later, as critics began to flesh out formal approaches to unreliable narrators against the backdrop of emergent war-scarred and drug-enveloped countercultures the scene was set for further similar explorations of mental health through Gilman’s established means. In his seminal 1961 work The Rhetoric of Fiction the critic William C. Booth explored the concept of the unreliable narrator and crafted the firstShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s sh ort story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRea d MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happened in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are intr oduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist encouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping Th e Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Stuffed animals may help to console a fussy child into a soothing sleep, while an inspiring story told by a veteran grandparent may encourage a timid student enough to successfully complete a classroom speech. Personal possessions, whether tangible or not, can have the profound effect on the owner of helping him or her to cope with uncontrollable life events. The short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman depicts the tumultuous life of narrating character, referred to as Jane, whose attempts to hold onto things around her to prevent her declining mental state. The story is set in the late 1800’s, subjecting Jane and her husband, John, to the misconception of roles as women to be subordinate and men to dominate adds to the burden of ignorance over women’s health and welfare. Furthermore, Jane clings to her sparse possessions as desperate attempts to gain control over herself, while John holds onto items which support his pursuits of exerting contr ol over others. To the reader, it is evident that there is a discord between Jane’s view of her own health and John’s assumptions of her ailments. Jane exclaims that her husband does not believe that she is sick, and her claims lead readers to realize that she is aware of her illness. To contrast, paragraph ten states, â€Å"If a physician of high standing and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervousShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatm ent for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depr ession and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yello w Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist encouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happe ned in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman s story The Yellow Wallpaper was written before the 20th century, which was a time when women s roles were defined by men. Women living in a male dominated society at the time were portrayed as being unable to make their own decisions without a man s consent. The cult of domesticity was an idea that women would be submissive and responsible for the home and family while at the mercy of her husband. Gilman s story depicts the life of a strong woman who is the wife to her husband John and the mother to a newly born baby. While being passive and compliant under the rule of her controlling husband, she does not hesitate to take the role of a caring and nurturing mother. Unfortunately, unknown to society at the time our narrator suffers from depression and anxiety after giving birth to her child. The cult of true womanhood was a set of beliefs about gender roles in the 19th century America. The cult of domesticity decreed that a woman s place was in the home. Women were extremely limited in this time and they normally did not speak in public. Women at the time could not hold male occupations and one exception was woman could be teachers which they felt was an extension of a mother s role. Women cannot own property in their own name legally, cannot sign contracts, any money that she would make would go to her husband and certainly she could not vote. At the time legally a husband and wife were considered one person and the person was the husband.Show MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embelli shed version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Per kins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yello w Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist encouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happe ned in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the author of the realism story The Yellow Wallpaper, struggled with depression, which makes a great connection between her and the narrator. Realism, which is an accurate and detailed portrayal of actual life, is what Gilman used to describe how women were treated in the 1890’s and how depression can affect one’s body. The author uses the unnamed narrator in this story to explain the reality and horrors of depression in the 18th century. The purpose was to inform her readers of how mistreated women were in this time, especially because of the apprehension she, and others, had to go through. The narrator’s husband may be a leading cause in the reason she got depression, and also a reason she did not get better.†¦show more content†¦Depression is not a mood, it’s a serious medical condition, which has been around since people were put on this earth. It has many different forms, and many different ways of effecting people. In The Yellow Wallpaper the narrator experiences this, which her doctor husband calls a â€Å"nervous condition.† Postpartum depression is where hormone levels fall after a baby is born, and the narrator goes through many symptoms that people today can go through. Having a baby and the hormonal shift is one major cause of her depression, but there could have been other factors that contributed to her issues. According to WebMd, causes of depression could include abuse, conflict, genetics, personal problems, a serious illness (that is not depression), a death, and many more (â€Å"Causes of Depression...†). What caused the narrator’s depression in the story definitely is linked to her baby, but it could also be linked to abuse by her husband, or feeling neglected. She states in the story, â€Å"I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes. I m sure I never used to be so sensitive. But John says if I feel so, I shall neglect proper self-control† (Gilman, pa ge 770, line 47-48). This statement shows that she does get angry with John, and maybe her depression and isolation is just now helping her realize how unhappy she is with him. Also the quotation mentions that if John says something, that is how it is going to

Champion of the World free essay sample

She told about all of the African-American people in the store listening closely to the radio and made it into a really big deal. By making it into a big deal we can understand that the African-Americans were counting on a win by, one of their kind, Joe Louis. In paragraph sixteen, Maya Angelou gives examples about what would to come if Joe Louis were to lose. â€Å"It was another lynching†, â€Å"a black boy whipped and maimed. † She uses these examples because that is how it used to be and how she thought it would be if Joe were to lose. The examples she uses are strong and bold and show us that the black people couldn’t afford to lose in another aspect of life. She needed to prove a point and she did just that. She wanted the ones to think that they were superior to open their eyes and see that they are no different from anyone else that walks this earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Champion of the World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Regardless of skin color, race, or nationality, there should not be discrimination and this story demonstrates that.

Introductory and Contract Law

Question: Discuss about the Introductory and Contract Law. Answer: The case Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd [2016] HCA 26 (20 July 2016) was held in the Australian High Court. The jurisdiction of the High Court of of Australia extends the Supreme Court in the Australian Court hierarchy and final Court of appeal in Australia. It has both Appellate and original jurisdiction. It has the authority to do judicial review on law, which are passed by the Australian Parliament and the State Parliament. It also has the jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia (Nauze, 1972). This case is a civil case and the onus of proof lies on the respondent, the tenet. In procedures brought by the respondents ("the tenants"), the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (the VCAT) observed that the complainant ("Crow) created an impression to the respondent over the span of agreement for the leases, in a way that the inhabitants would be concerned for the time of renewal. The VCAT assessed that the declaration offered, raised to a collateral contract, which gratified Crown to offer a negotiating of leases for a long time on several terms to be chosen by Crown. The VCAT additionally discovered that if the conclusion were incorrect, it would have likewise acknowledged the renter accommodation that Crown was estopped from averting the presence of collateral contract. It requested that Crown should pay the main respondent $467,505.00 and the following respondent $1,143,167.00 for compensation when there is a breach of contract (Vass, 2016). With respect to the situation, the VCAT that the Crown had created an impression to the tenants at the renewal time of the negotiation that they will take care of the tenants during the renewal time. The VCAT held that the announcement by the Crown offered ascend to collateral contract. Furthermore, the Crown needs to pay $467505 to the primary respondent and $1,143,167 to the second in type of damages for breach of the agreement. The Crown was at risk for estoppel from denying the collateral contract. On appeal before the Supreme Court of Victoria said that the VCAT was in mistake and estoppels did not emerge. Rather, the Court of Appeal said that there was a promissory Estoppel. The Court of Appeal announced that there was no collateral contract yet there was an issue in dispatching the issue of estoppel (Rohatgi, 2016). The legal issue on part of the Crown was that the Collateral contract and promissory estoppels claimed by the respondent for which the Crown is liable for damages are not valid. The representation he made was not valid and the mere stating of something does not make the contract valid (Grossi, 2016). Tenants got procedures to the VCAT in which they affirmed that a progression of representations had been made by delegates of Crown to Mr Zampelis, such that the tenants would be given an additional term of five years taking after lapse of the 2005 leases. These demonstrations were said to add together to a guarantee that the Crown would practice its authority under cl 2.3(a) of the 2005 rents and propose a renewal for an additional five year term. The tenants asserted to have been instigated by the representations to execute the leases and to do the renovations. Two, alternate legal results were said to take after from the guarantee: a collateral contract, by which Crown was obliged to offer the tenants encourage five year leases, appeared, or an estoppel emerged which kept Crown from denying that commitment. Significantly, the terms of the further rents were said to be the same with respect to the 2005 leases (Handley, 2016). A collateral contract is usually a sole term agreement, made in favor of the party for whose advantage the agreement works consenting to go into a principal contract, which sets out further terms identifying with a similar kind from the principle contract (Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation). The Court had held that there is a collateral agreement only when there is representation, which is contractually binding. It would only be a collateral agreement if there were a contractual promise. The intention only arises when the parties have acted or shown conduct towards it. The Court of Appeal agreed that the statements were vague. The intention as to collateral contract is a question of law (Heilbut, Symons Co v Buckleton). A promissory estoppels is one where the promisor has promised to do something for the promisee and the promisee has acted according to that promise, even if there was no consideration, it is enforceable by law (Feinman, 1984). The court held that there was no promissory estoppels because the representation made must be cleat and not unambiguous and vague. The person to whom the representation be made must not be vague and the representation must not be open to different construction. The mere saying of that looked after at renewal time does not mean that he meant that there would be an extension on the lease term (Low v Bouverie). Under the decision taken by the Court of Law in this case we see that in case of collateral contract the party does not need to give notice while under a lease negotiation the Crown has an obligation to give notice under the law to make it binding. For lease to happen there must be a consideration and the terms must be expressed or implied or in perpetuity. The essentials of a valid contract formation are: offer, acceptance, mutuality of obligation, consideration and a written agreement. An adversarial system is an outdated way of handling disputes. An adversarial system is a system where the parties to the dispute put their case in front of an unbiased person, a judge or jury through their own advocates in the attempt to examine the truth of a case. In Adversarial system when dealing with criminal cases, the prosecutor or judge cannot ask the accused person questions because he is not directly representing his case (Allison, 2013). He can only answer cases when he chooses to do so. In case of Civil cases the defendant have to compulsorily give statements but he cannot be cross-examined on the statement nor is the statement taken on oath. The judges must be fair and give their judgment based on the case based on fundamental justice and due process. The name "adversarial system" may be ambiguous because, it implies that it is only applicable within a particular type of structure where, there are contrasting prosecution and defense. The case is not the same, and both t he current adversarial and inquisitorial systems have the authority of state estranged between a prosecutor and the judge. They can provide the defendant with legal aid. Certainly, TheEuropean Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedomsin Article 6 need those traits in the legal structures of the signatory states. The most relevant way of solving disputes is the traditional way of presenting it in front of the judge and the jury. The judge and the jury give the decision in an unbiased way. This is the trial or litigating way of solving disputes. Apart from the traditional ways of solving dispute there are other ways also of solving disputes. Negotiation, Mediation and Arbitration are few ways of solving the methods. These ways are known as the ADR-Alternate Dispute Resolution (Greenacre et al., 2016). The cases that come to the Court often get solved in the Court only few amongst them goes to trial. Some of the cases are often considered to be suggested by ADR before the parties goes to the Court (Chng Chua, 2016). Let us now look into the various methods of solving disputes- Negotiation- The most basic means of solving disputes is by the way of negotiation. It is a continuous communication between the parties to the dispute with the aim of finding a solution. The parties negotiate directly or may get it done by an Attorney. The procedure followed is nothing specified. The negotiation between the parties is enforceable under law. The essentials of negotiation are: Unstructured and informal Voluntary Confidential and private Enforceable No involvement of third party; the parties make their own decisions. Mediation- the process by which settlement between the parties is made by an unbiased person, known as the mediator. It is a voluntary process, which promote reconciliation between the disputing parties that in turn helps the parties to the dispute reach on a mutual agreement. It is the next best suitable method for solving disputes after the process of negotiation. Mediator explains the rule of the proceedings to the parties and their attorneys. They can even meet the parties separately and he makes the parties understand each others viewpoint (Roebuck, 2013). Arbitration- Arbitration is an argued topic to a reasonable individual for choice. Arbitration is ordinarily an out-of-court policy for settling a question. The arbitrators control the process, will pay attention to both sides and reach a conclusion. Alike a trial, just a single party will win. However, the appeal rights are restricted unlike a trial. In a more formal situation, the mediator directs a hearing in which the parties initiate through archives, displays and declaration. The parties may approve a few cases to build up their own manner; or an administrating organization may give ways (Moore, 2014). There can be probably one referee or a three mediators board. An intervention hearing is generally held in place of work or a meeting room. The result can be tied if all get-togethers have consented from before to be bound by the choice. Overall, the privilege to claim the judge's choice is extremely constrained. A mediator's honor can be diminished to decision in a court and con sequently be enforceable. In non-arbitration, a choice might get to be definitely last if all sides approval to recognize it or it might serve to help you judge the case and be a opening stage for the settlement talks (Carbonneau Butler, 2013). The method to use a process for dispute settlement depends upon the parties to the dispute. The nature of the case helps the person to decide which method to use. It is said that Court room settlements are the best way to settle disputes the conflicting parties decides on the settlement procedure. ADR helps settlements of dispute in a fast way and some of the ways of settling disputes outside Court room (Fellas, 2014). Issue: Does Charlie owe Bob the extra $5 000? Rule: In Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation, Gibbs CJ detained that when a demonstration was made at the time of negotiation might be a collateral agreement if at the time of making the representation the parties had an intention to abide by it. The agreement becomes contractually binding. The parties who made the representation must have the intention of a contractual promise, which might be distinct from a mere representation. The issue as to the fact whether there is a intention or not depends upon the words and conduct of the parties to the principal contract. In Heilbut, Symons Co v Buckleton, Lord Atkinson held that the existence and non-existence of the intention of the party depends upon the decision given by the jury. The jury decides the truth of the fact. The intention of the party was fraudulent misrepresentation which does not make the contract binding. In Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd , French CJ Kiefel and Bell JJ, held that the announcement by the Crown offered ascend to collateral contract. Furthermore, the Crown needs to pay $467505 to the primary respondent and $1,143,167 to the second in type of damages for breach of the agreement. The Crown was at risk for estoppel from denying the collateral contract. The Court of Appeal of Supreme Court of Victoria said that the VCAT was in mistake and estoppels did not emerge. Rather, the Court of Appeal said that there was a promissory Estoppel. The Court of Appeal announced that there was no collateral contract yet there was an issue in dispatching the issue of estoppels. Tenants got procedures to the VCAT in which they affirmed that a progression of representations had been made by delegates of Crown to Mr Zampelis, such that the tenants would be given a further term of five years taking after the lapse of the 2005 leases. These representations were said to add up to a guarantee that Crown would practice its power under cl 2.3(a) of the 2005 rents and offer a renewal for a further five-year term. The tenants asserted that they are instigated by the representations to execute the leases and to do the renovations. Two, alternate legal results were said to take after from the guarantee: a collateral contract, by which Crown was obliged to offer the tenants encourage five year leases, appeared, or an estoppel emerged which kept Crown from denying that commitment. Significantly, the terms of the further rents are said to be the same with respect to the 2005 leases (Hull, White, 2014). Application: When we apply the rules, laid by the Court I the above-mentioned cases in the case study of Bob and Charlie we see that Charlie is liable to pay Bob for contract. Charlie does owe Bob $5000. When we apply the case of Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation we see that at the time of making the negotiation Charlie had an intention to pay Bob $5000 for the completion of his work. There was a formation of a collateral contract that Charlie. There was a formation of a contractual promise and not a mere representation, which makes the contract binding (Calomiris et al., 2016). Again in the case of Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd , it was seen that whether there is a intention or nor depends upon the jury. If a party to a contract promises to do something on performance by the other party and the other party acts according to that then the promiser is supposed to pay to the promisee. Charlie said that he would pay Bob if he complet es the work within the said time. Bob acted according to what Charlie said so Charlie becomes liable to pay Bob. Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd it was said that there was a formation of a promissory estoppel. Under law, there is formation of a fiduciary relationship, where one person (fiduciary) acts for another (the principal) and when acted upon that he gets liable to principal interest (Breen v William). Fiduciary obligation is entity of equity and cured by equitable remedies. The breach of such fiduciary duty or obligation managed in the theme Breach of Fiduciary Duty. When there is a fiduciary relationship, a motive of trust and confidence created between the parties. Conclusion: Charlie owes Bob $5000 for the completion of construction work. Charlie is liable to pay Bob under the concept of collateral contract and promissory estoppel. There is formation of a fiduciary relationship, where one person (fiduciary) acts for another (the principal) and when acted upon that he gets liable to principal interest (Breen v William). If a party to a contract promises to do something on performance by the other party and the other party acts according to that then the promiser is supposed to pay to the promisee. References: Allison, J. (2013). ADR Research: Arbitration, Mediation, Negotiation, and More. Calomiris, C. W., Larrain, M., Liberti, J. M., Sturgess, J. D. (2016).How collateral laws shape lending and sectoral activity(No. w21911). National Bureau of Economic Research. Carbonneau, T. E., Butler, W. E. (2013). International Litigation and Arbitration. Chng, P. S. W., Chua, B. L. (2016). Mediation in the Classroom: An Open Systems Approach to Develop Critical Thinking and Learning Skills.New Waves,19(1), 55. Crown Melbourne Ltd v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd Anor[2016] HCA 26(20 July 2016) Feinman, J. M. (1984). Promissory Estoppel and Judicial Method.Harvard Law Review, 678-718. Fellas, J. (2014). The Idea of Arbitration (Clarendon Law Series) by Jan Paulsson.Arbitration International,30(3), 589-604. Greenacre, R. R. G., Hendrick, I., Kaufman, M. R., Robert, P., Knight, M. L., Lewin, B. D., ... Kanzer, M. (2016). Breaking the Mold ADR. Grossi, S. (2016). Book Review-Robert H. Klonoff, Introduction to the Study of US Law. Cases and Materials (West Academic Publishing). Handley, K. R. (2016). The Law of Proprietary Estoppel. By Ben McFarlane [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. xxxiii+ 688 pp. Hardback 165.00. ISBN 978-0-199-69958-2.].The Cambridge Law Journal,75(02), 432-434. Heilbut symons co v buckleton 1913 ac 30 hl Hospital products ltd v united states surgical corporation (1984) Hull, J. C., White, A. (2014). Collateral and credit issues in derivatives pricing.Journal of Credit Risk,10(3). La Nauze, J. A. (1972).The making of the Australian constitution. Melbourne University. Moore, C. W. (2014).The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Roebuck, D. (2013).Mediation and Arbitration in the Middle Ages: England 1154-1558. Holo Books, The Arbitration Press. Rohatgi, N. K. (2016). 35_Law of Contract (2000). Vass, B. (2016). High Court revisits promissory statements, collateral contracts and estoppel.Proctor, The,36(9), 17.